Vaginal Yeast Infection (Candidiasis) Key Facts, Symptoms, Treatment

Candidiasis, also known as a vaginal yeast infection, is a fungal infection primarily caused by Candida yeasts.

Many of these yeasts are normally present in the human body as part of the natural microbiome, or in the surrounding environment, often without causing any problems.

However, when conditions allow, such as a weakened immune system or changes in the body’s natural environment (e.g., due to hormonal changes, antibiotic use or other reasons), Candida can overgrow and cause an infection.

Candidiasis can affect various parts of the body, leading to a range of symptoms.

Common types of candidiasis include vulvovaginal candidiasis (vaginal yeast infection), which affects the vagina; oral candidiasis (thrush), which affects the mouth and throat; and invasive candidiasis, which is a serious systemic infection that can affect any organ in the body. Invasive candidiasis is a significant concern in critically ill and immunocompromised patients.

While generally treatable with antifungal medications, some types can be hard to treat. For example, Candida auris is a multi-drug-resistant fungal species that has been responsible for outbreaks in hospitals and long-term care facilities.

Prevention and proper management are crucial to reduce the risk and spread of these infections.

Vaginal yeast infections (vulvovaginal candidiasis)

Vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC), commonly known as a vaginal yeast infection, is an infection of the vagina and vulva caused by an overgrowth of Candida yeast.

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Causes

Several factors can contribute to the overgrowth of Candida in the vagina. Changes in the vagina’s normal acidity, natural microbiome or hormonal balance can create an environment that encourages yeast overgrowth.

Antibiotics can kill healthy bacteria in the vagina, which help maintain balance and keep yeast in check. Fluctuations in hormone levels, such as those during pregnancy, the menstrual cycle or the use of birth control pills, can increase the risk of yeast infections. Uncontrolled diabetes, leading to persistently high blood sugar levels, can also promote yeast growth.

Additionally, a weakened immune system due to conditions or medications can make one more susceptible to yeast infections.

Symptoms

The symptoms of a vaginal yeast infection can be uncomfortable. Intense itching in the vagina and around the vulva is a common complaint. Redness and soreness of the vulva might also be experienced, accompanied by a thick, white, curd-like vaginal discharge.

Painful urination and discomfort or pain during sexual intercourse can also occur. Yeast infections primarily affect the vagina and vulva and are not a typical cause of urinary tract infections.

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Treatment

Treatment for vaginal yeast infections typically involves antifungal medications. Topical treatments, such as creams, ointments or suppositories containing antifungal medications like clotrimazole, are commonly used. Prescription oral antifungal drugs, such as fluconazole, are also available. However, resistance to some antifungal medications is spreading and treatment does not always work.

Home remedies should be used with caution and discussed with a health-care provider before use.

Prevention

While not officially classified as a sexually transmitted infection, sexual activity can contribute to the development of VVC. Treating male partners is generally not recommended unless they exhibit symptoms themselves.

-courtesy from Cleveland clinic